The Phang Nga bay landscape has significant characteristics in being a model area to set up adaptive capacity at the landscape level in Phang Nga bay. It consists of a large bay area connecting 3 provinces with biodiversity and specific natural resources. Coastal communities in Phang Nga bay share the utilization of marine and coastal resources in fisheries and tourism. Most of people in communities are Muslims and have their culture. Members of Phang Nga bay development compose of: community, NGOs, business sectors, government, and academic sectors which have experience in conserving and protecting Phang Nga bay from unsustainable development. Working as a network and campaigning laws and policies are important part to achieve the goals in this project.

A small project that will operate under the 6th round action of GEF SGP project of the Phang Nga bay landscape is a small project with strategies, targets, and action plan by each of small project will operate as a community group in the important sub-landscape of the Phang Nga bay landscape and have a plan to cooperate between a small project community level with business sector, academic sector, and NGOs with experienced in laws and policies. Therefore, it is a set of projects that have a good foundation to contribute to achieve goals of the project.

The strategy of the project set is to conserve and restore ecosystem, strengthening sustainable development, good governance in economic and society, considering of every member, and equality of women and men

Each small project will operate in 4 areas consisting of:

Strengthening ecosystem service

Enhancing sustainable production

Various career development and income generation opportunities

Reinforcement of good governance efficiency and equality operating by community organization and cooperation with local government and development parties

The small projects will be carried out with a community groups in significant sub-landscape of the Phang Nga bay landscape consists of:

1. Community groups in Koh Lanta Yai, Koh Lanta Noi, Koh Klang also Urak Lawoi community, Koh Lanta district, Krabi

2. Community group in Sriboya bay, Nuea Khlong district, Krabi

3. Community group in the coastal area of Mueang district and Ao Luek district, Krabi 

4. Community groups at bottom area of Phang Nga bay in Thap Put district, Mueang district, Phang Nga

5. Community groups in the middle of Phang Nga bay 3 sub-districts in Koh Yao district Phang Nga

6. Coastal community groups in Phang Nga bay Takua Thung district, Phang Nga

7. Community groups in Thalang district and Mueang Phuket district, Phuket

8. The area overlaps between seagrass meadow on the coast of Phuket island Phang Nga bay side to the Andaman coastaline at Mai Khao beach, Phuket province and Tai Mueang district, Phang Nga province which is habitat and nesting area of sea turtles

9. The project that operates with two specific target groups are female and male role project and community of sea ethnic on Phuket island project

The implementation plan in the strategic project consists of:

1. Plan to strengthen Phang Nga Bay Cooperation Network between Community and Development Parties

2. Plan to support relevant laws and policies

3. Community business development plan by cooperation between local communities and business sectors such as tourism, seafood, organic vegetables

4. Knowledge and innovation development plan



The community and the Development Party have set out a joint strategy and targeting the targeted areas of communities in the sub-landscape of Phang Nga Bay, and having a joint strategic plan above will enable the implementation to achieve goals, objectives, and results according to the project documents.



2. Situation Analysis



2.1 Methodology

Selection process of sub ecosystem landscape areas in Phang Nga bay by consultations with representatives of local NGO, businesspersons, government partnership, and community organizations to review the strategy and set out a framework for small projects. Within the framework of the consultative meetings, the participants worked with SEPLS indicators, and other tools used to mobilize participation including mapping of natural resources and communities in sub ecosystem Phang Nga bay landscape, Assessment of the adaptability of the landscape according to 20 indicators and the preparation of radar chart to analyze the current condition, design 10-year goal of Phang Nga bay landscape, design 2-year goal of sub ecosystem in Phang Nga bay landscape, Analysis of the limitations and potential to be achieved in 2 years, and design the results and activities to create the 18-month project. Moreover, 12 meetings consisting of 6 meetings in Krabi, 3 meetings in Phang Nga,2 meetings in Phuket, and 1 meeting for development projects of the participation of female and male of representatives in sub ecosystem in Phang Nga bay landscape areas were held. Each meeting had participants around 20-30 people total of participants in all meetings were 303 people, 145 people were female and had village chief and local administrative organizations participated.





Participants of the landscape strategy Phang Nga bay meeting, held on 27-28 October at Phang Nga



Consultation meeting of local stakeholders in one of sub ecosystem landscape areas.



2.2 Results of Baseline Analysis

2.2.1 Community groups in Koh Lanta Yai, Koh Lanta Noi, Koh Klang 

Landscape diversity and ecological protection currently at 3.75. In the future, it can reach level 4. The biodiversity in the present is 3.6% but has enough potential  to evolve to 4.67% in the future. Knowledge and innovation side is quite mild but in the next 10 years10 equipment can be used to help develop more. Good Governance and Social Equality are currently at level 3.1 In the future, there will be cooperation from many sectors to help development For livelihoods and well-being, in the future they will expand the framework to a level 4.

2.2.2 Community group in Sriboya bay, Nuea Khlong district, Krabi

Landscape diversity on Sriboya Island is diverse for both animals and plants as a food source. In the next 10 year, predicted it will reach level 4 which depends on the subconscious of the community. Biodiversity currently scores as 3, In the future will improve with the right development tools. Current score for knowledge and innovations is 3.25. In the future, if funds are provided to youths and villagers and cooperation from many sectors will improve this side. Good Governance and Social Equality Currently quite good. Looking at the work of women and men Women will play a greater role. Livelihoods and well-being Nowadays, it is not in a good shape. Helping to promote a stable and sustainable career so in the next 10 years, livelihoods and well-being will improve.

2.2.3 Community group in the coastal area of Mueang district and Ao Luek district, Krabi 

Diversity of landscape and ecological protection is currently at 3.8 and it will score up to 4 in 10 year because there is a lot of diversity in the area and also the increase of career diversity as well. Biodiversity side, agriculture in the area plants more mixed crops. Economy in the household gets better. Increase consumption of local vegetables. Knowledge and culture of older generations about fishing tools are gradually disappearing into the younger generation. Governance and Social Equality Women play a huge role. Started having directors as women. There are laws and regulations in use. Livelihood and Well-being Social and environment is decreased because not enough natural resources to utilize. More management needs to be made.

2.2.4 Community groups at bottom area of Phang Nga bay in Thap Put district, Mueang district, Krabi

The ecological diversity of these two areas are similar. Mainly is mangrove forest which will increase mangrove forest area in 10 years. Biodiversity is now quite abundant. There are a lot of fish in the area so local people can use this as a food source because the number of tourists is declining. Finding new ways to increase income. Knowledge and innovation must improve, these 2 districts are not  good in giving knowledge to villagers. Help is required from government sectors. Governance and Social Equality, two districts are writing the laws about using natural resources in the sea and forests. Livelihood and well-being, 90% household land in these two districts have no title deed. Seeking for help from government sectors to solve the problem. In the next 10 year knowledge and innovation Governance and Social Equality And livelihood and well-being all need to improve because villagers lack knowledge. Educate villagers to help develop an ecosystem which is connected to tourism and  livelihood of villagers. Ecological diversity and biodiversity must be emphasized because it involves a livelihood in the community.

2.2.5 Urak Lawoi community, Koh Lanta district, Krabi

Area diversity, most of the area is by the sea. There are problems about household habitat and career. Biodiversity side, lifestyle of people use a modest pattern, catch fish just enough to eat and save small amounts to sell. Sustainable fishing style. Livelihood and innovation, learning to pass on knowledge to next generation people to be more knowledgeable. Today's governance and equality are moderate, which in the future can create greater equality. Livelihood and well-being is relatively low. In the future, this aspect must be improved. Increased habitat for better well-being

2.2.6 Coastal community groups in Phang Nga bay Takua Thung district, Phang Nga

Landscape diversity of Takua Thung district today is very good because of the mangrove forest area and fertile marine resources. But in the next 10 years, it will be less diverse because there will be more tourists. Biodiversity is currently well-qualified but, in the future,, it will be slightly regression, but it can also be solved by the villagers in the community. Today's knowledge and innovations are quite good. In the future, knowledge will go down because marine resources might decrease and younger generations may develop knowledge less than older generations because too much technology. Governance and Social Equality currently, it is well qualified. In the future, females may play a greater role than males, causing slight inequality. Livelihoods and well-being currently, the post-COVID situation is quite bad. Both in fisheries and tourism. In the future, supported by government sectors can help to increase the likelihood of creating more careers. For example, the government supports the making of crab banks.

2.2.7 Community groups in Thalang district and Mueang Phuket district, Phuket

Diversity of landscape and the system to take care of diversity may not be thorough. In the future, it is likely to be reduced further. The biodiversity of the present is quite good. Knowledge and innovation have knowledge of the old generation but in the future, new technologies and knowledge can be improved. Online media is available to help increase knowledge. Governance and equality are well qualified. And in the future, the equality framework can be expanded even further. The aspects of livelihood and well-being are currently scored at 3. In the future, it is possible to improve well-being.

3. Landscape Strategy

3.1 Guidelines for landscape development

Evaluation of ability to adapt capacity of landscape with 20 indicators and make radar diagrams of the Phang Nga bay landscape at the meeting of the strategic preparation and operation of small projects in Phang Nga bay landscape on 26-27 October, it was found that

Sub-landscape areas in Phang Nga bay landscape have marine and coastal resources as well as upstream forests which are necessary to be protected and conserved by community, local NGOs, and related development members. These areas compose of watershed forest, mangrove forest, Nipa palm, Saku tree forest, and seagrass which all of these are habitat of dugongs, sea turtles, dolphins, hornbills, red hawks, and bats. At present, natural resources are in good level of fertile but has degraded in some areas. Ecosystem services in food, fishing, tourism, and monsoon are all sufficient to take care of people in community and have extra resources to make an income. In the future, there is a risk that the ecosystem will be degraded or damaged due to development in tourism and coal power plant. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the ecosystem and to protect natural resources from risks in the future.

 

In economy and career, the impact from Covid-19 pandemic has affected on tourism business which are a significant business in Phang Nga bay community to cause the closure of tourism services between March and June 2020. Decreasing in number of Thai tourists and absence of foreign tourists until 2021 has resulted in reduction of income for people in the community, lay-off from work, and decrease in seafood price. So, the communities need to adapt by creating more various occupations, depend more on food from ecosystem services, strengthen in local business development and less rely on outside business also managing sustainable tourism on ecosystem base prepare for return of tourists in the future.

Knowledge in community, passing on generation to generation has to be developed to conform with local economic development. Nevertheless, adaptation of changes in development, Information and Technology, and climate change.

Good governance in development, overall is in a good picture but tends to be reduced due to the laws and policies related to natural resources and environment management by less focus on community’s participation so people in communities have to improve good governance in development system. To create participation of all parts within community along with manage system with government in conservation restoration and utilize natural resources sustainably.  

Phang Nga bay landscape has sea ethnic community consist of Urak Rawoi, Moken, and Moklen communities. With ethnic constraints, these communities are not receiving the right in land development which is cultural area and fishing as a traditional occupation of the communities. Therefore, the project will specifically operate with this community including plan to strengthen the capacity of the community in Phuket island area and create network between coastal communities in Koh Lunta Yai.



3.2 The long-term goal of the landscape is to strengthen the adaptive capacity in society, economic, and community-based ecosystem under co-strategy of the projects which are conservation and restoration of ecosystem to be balanced, strengthening sustainable development, good governance in economic and society, considering of every member, and equality of women and men 



Expected outcomes and indicators of projects

Outcome 1: 7 important ecological units in Phang Nga bay landscape and the habitat of dugongs and sea turtles have been restored and conserved, enhancing the capacity of the ecosystem service, consisting of seagrass meadow, mangrove forest, corals, marine biomass, biodiversity, upstream forests and prevent environmental pollution from marine litter.



Indicator 1.1: Conservation and restoration of seagrass fields of at least 3,500 rai

 Indicator 1.2: Mangrove Forest, Nipa palm, and Saku forest conservation and Restoration at least 12,000 rai

Indicator 1.3: To do crab bank, artificial fish apartment, shell conservative area to conserve and restore sea animals at least 60 areas

Indicator 1.4: Management of terrestrial forest and beach forest in 5 areas

Indicator 1.5: Write the rules to manage ecosystem in communities at least 40 communities

Indicator 1.6: Management of turtles spawning area at least 5 communities



Outcome 2: The development and enhancement of sustainable production systems consists of the development multilayer cropping system, organic agriculture, free from pesticides or herbicide which have effect on ecosystem, aquaculture breeding conservation for food security, responsible and sustainable fisheries such as suitable fishing gear specify size of fish for fishing.



Indicator 2.1: Organic farm, mixed garden, and integrated farming at least 500 Rai

Indicator 2.2:  At least 40 communities have established sustainable fishing rules.



Outcome 3: Create a various career on the basis of a balanced ecosystem and a local economy in order to be ready for the economic crisis from the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change and other emerging diseases that will occur in the future. By operating cooperation between the community and the business sector such as community tourism, sustainable fisheries, seafood processing product, Bee processing product, and shrimp paste, etc.



Indicator 3.1: At least 20 communities have been established groups to develop careers.



Outcome 4: Community organizations have good governance in the management system. Development that creates fairness for all groups. Women play a meaningful role in development.

Cooperating partnerships with the development sector to improve community regulations, local government organizations, and state the policies to facilitate for sustainable and development, especially for sea ethnic groups.  

Indicator 4.1: Women have a role in community development and management in at least 20 communities.

Indicator 4.2: community organization and community leader have ability to manage 40 community organizations





3.3 The main results and indicators of the Phang Nga bay landscape include:......พาร์ทนี้แต้เติม/ปรับเองค่ะ 



4. Typology of  Community-managed projects and criteria for project selection include:   …..แต้จะเขียนเพิ่มให้ค่ะ  

4.1 It is a project run by a local community or NGOs through community participation. 

4.2 It is a strategy project, long-term goals, and specific targets for project operations are in line with the goals and strategies that multilateral networks in the Phang Nga bay landscape have jointly established. 

4.3 It is a project conducted in collaboration between communities in the 7 critical sub-ecosystem of the Phang Nga Bay landscape, or as a project that works with the sea ethnic group, or as a project aimed to promote women to play a meaningful role in enhancing adaptation in the Phang Nga bay landscape.

4.4 It is a project that has been carefully considered to achieve SEPLS results.

4.5 It is a project that community organizations or NGOs who have proposed to pay attention on development of the Phang Nga bay landscape and policy development and cooperation with the government 

4.6 Examples of projects based on the above criteria, such as enhance community potential in management and sustainable development in Koh Lunta, Koh Yao, Ao Phang Nga ecosystem project, or promoting the role of women and men in the management of phang nga bay landscape project, or to create fairness in the development of the sea ethnic community of project.



5. The landscape monitoring and evaluation plan consists of:

5.1 Monitoring and Evaluation at the Landscape level

Operate database for natural resources and community economic system in the early stages of the project as guideline for small projects to track the progress and evaluate project performance. The development of monitoring system and the preparation of indicators by participation of community, so that small projects can be used to record progress, reporting, monitoring, and evaluating the projects. Moreover, arrange the meeting to present the progress of small projects in the middle of the project and the phase before the end of the project to create the learning, improvement, and development of corporate operations.



5.2 Monitoring and Evaluation at the Project level

Using individual projects as a database to develop M&E framework for Project level that has indicators parallel to Landscape strategy outcomes and indicators. The project team will also arrange the progress meeting during the project and before the end of the project to achieve the goals.



6. Managing knowledge at the landscape level plan divided into 3 parts:

6.1 To develop a concrete and innovative KM plan and strategy for the country program’s and GEF’s visibility and knowledge sharing innovation

Knowledge management from the operation of small projects in the initial stage of small project operations

Each project will define a framework and roadmap for managing the knowledge generated by the implementation of the project. 

Write the knowledge management report in several phases and exchange with the landscape network.

Prior to the end of operation, the project will be a combination of knowledge at the Phang Nga bay landscape level.

6.2 To maximize highest impact of project implementation in upscaling and replication; and to build a knowledge sharing network 

Selection of 10 case studies to cover 4 aspects of SEPLS such as restoration and conservation of mangrove ecosystems, conservation of seagrass ecosystem, conservation and management of the beach which is the spawning area of sea turtles by the community, community product development from bees, community tourism development, and development of community business system cooperation with local business sectors, etc.

6.3 To ensure that visibility and dissemination of good practices and lessons learnt will be carried out 

The knowledge from the implementation of small projects in Phang Nga bay landscape level and the knowledge set from case studies can be synthesized and upgraded into a series of knowledge 

Using lessons and knowledge to develop projects or activities, strengthening the capacity of the community and managing the landscape for sustainable development and protecting the global environment in the future.